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Pharaoh is a 1966 Polish historical drama film directed by the critically acclaimed filmmaker Jerzy Kawalerowicz. This epic film is adapted from the novel of the same name by Bolesław Prus, and it delves into the intricate politics, power struggles, and the life of a young pharaoh in ancient Egypt. With its grand scale, exquisite detail in set and costume design, and thought-provoking narrative, Pharaoh became known as one of the most ambitious and successful Polish cinematic projects of its time.

The lead role is played by Jerzy Zelnik, who delivers a riveting portrayal of Ramses XIII, an intelligent and visionary pharaoh who ascends to the throne at a young age. Zelnik's performance is complemented by the talented Wieslawa Mazurkiewicz, who plays Ranis, and the beautiful Barbara Brylska, who takes on the role of Kama. These characters form the central figures in a story that explores the complexities of leadership and the personal challenges one faces when holding the highest office in the ancient world.

Pharaoh is set in a time when the Egyptian empire is both powerful yet on the brink of transformation. The film carefully depicts the historical setting by showcasing the elaborate religious, social, and political structures of the period. It transports the audience back to a vividly realized ancient Egypt, replete with stunning monumental architecture, the River Nile flowing through the heart of the empire, and the bustling life of its people.

The young pharaoh, Ramses XIII, finds himself at the center of relentless court conspiracies and the machinations of the ruling elites, including priests and military leaders, who each have their own vested interests. The clergymen are portrayed as particularly influential, as they control the wealth and grain supplies of the nation and wield a constant challenge to the pharaoh's authority. The military, on the other hand, is restless and eager for war, looking to expand Egypt's territories and spoils.

Upon assuming the throne, Ramses XIII is expected to be merely a figurehead, but his intelligence and progressive thinking lead him to pursue ambitious reforms and assert his control over the levers of power. His vision for the empire includes modernizing its administration and reducing the influence of the entrenched priesthood, which puts him in direct conflict with the conservative elements of the society. This initiates a dangerous game of politics where the young ruler must navigate the perilous waters of intrigue, betrayal, and loyalty.

The main character's struggles and moral dilemmas are at the heart of the film. Ramses XIII, despite his divine status as pharaoh, is shown as a relatable, flawed, and emotionally complex human being who desires to be a just and effective ruler. Zelnik's nuanced performance explores the depth of the character, emphasising Ramses XIII's internal conflicts and his philosophical perspectives on leadership and power.

The supporting cast adds to the richness of the story, with characters such as the high priest Herhor, who is both a guardian of the traditional order and an obstacle to Ramses’ ideals, and Sara, a Greek slave who provides a personal storyline that intersects with the larger narrative of state affairs and Ramses' own personal growth.

Director Kawalerowicz ensures that the pomp and circumstance of the time are not just a backdrop but an integral part of the plot, allowing audiences to fully immerse themselves in the world. He uses the film's 180-minute running time to painstakingly recreate the period in meticulous detail, from religious rituals and costume design to the diplomacy and warfare strategies that defined the era. The authenticity of the film is one of its standout features, a result of extensive research and dedication to historical accuracy.

Despite its historical setting, Pharaoh touches on timeless themes such as the nature of power, the role of religion in society, the manipulation of public opinion, and the personal sacrifices made by those in power. It is both a spectacle and a study of character, inviting viewers to reflect on the nature of leadership and governance in any era.

Pharaoh was celebrated for its technical achievements, as well, including its impressive cinematography by Jerzy Wójcik and evocative musical score by Adam Walaciński. The film’s grand scenes required the construction of enormous sets and the use of thousands of extras, making it one of the most expensive Polish films ever made at the time. It wasn't just a commercial and critical success in Poland; it also garnered international attention and was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards, solidifying its place in the pantheon of epic historical cinema.